Kiʻi: Courtesy Naturhistorisches Museum

ʻO ke kiʻi o ka mōʻaukala noʻeau, ua ʻike ʻia kēia kiʻi kiʻi liʻiliʻi ma luna o ʻehā mau ʻīniha ke kiʻekiʻe ma Austria i ka makahiki 1908. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i kāna hana, akā, ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo mai ke akua fertility a hiki i ke kōkua masturbation. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe akamai he kiʻi ponoʻī paha ia i hana ʻia e ka wahine. ʻO ia ka mea kaulana loa o nā mea like ʻole mai ka Old Stone Age.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

He hōʻailona kēia kiʻi no ka nani wahine mai ka wā i ʻike mua ʻia ai i ka makahiki 1912 i loko o nā neoneo o Amarna, ke kūlanakauhale nui i kūkulu ʻia e ka Paraʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka mōʻaukala kahiko o ʻAigupita: Akhenaten. ʻO ke ola o kāna mōʻī wahine, ʻo Nefertiti, he mea pohihihi: Ua manaʻo ʻia ua noho aliʻi ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he Paraʻo no kekahi manawa ma hope o ka make ʻana o Akhenaten-a ʻoi aku paha, ʻo ia ka co-regent o ke Keiki Aliʻi Tutankhamun. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe Egyptologist ʻo ia ka makuahine o Tut. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Thutmose, ka mea kālai lāʻau ʻo Akhenaten, kēia ʻōpala limestone i uhi ʻia i ka stucco.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

Ua ʻike ʻia ma 1974, ʻo ka Terracotta Army kahi huna nui o nā kiʻi pālolo i kanu ʻia i loko o ʻekolu mau lua nui kokoke i ka hale kupapaʻu o Shi Huang, ka Emepera mua o Kina, i make i ka makahiki 210 BC. Manaʻo ʻia e pale iā ia ma hope o ke ola, ua manaʻo ʻia ka pūʻali koa e kekahi mau manaʻo e helu ʻia ma mua o 8,000 mau koa me 670 mau lio a me 130 mau kaʻa. He nui ke ola o kēlā me kēia, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ke kiʻekiʻe maoli e like me ke kūlana koa.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

ʻO ke kiʻi kaulana loa paha o ka wā kahiko o Roma,Laocoön a me kana mau keikiua ʻike mua ʻia ma Roma i ka makahiki 1506 a ua neʻe ʻia i ka Vatican, kahi e noho ai a hiki i kēia lā. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka moʻolelo o kahi kahuna Trojan i pepehi ʻia me kāna mau keiki e nā nahesa kai i hoʻouna ʻia e ke akua kai Poseidon i hoʻopaʻi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Laocoön e hōʻike i ka hoʻopunipuni o ka Trojan Horse. Hoʻokomo mua ʻia i loko o ka hale aliʻi o Emperor Titus, ʻo kēia pūʻulu kiʻi nui o ke ola, i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi trio o nā mea kālai Helene mai ka Mokupuni ʻo Rhodes, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e like me ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻeha kanaka.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

ʻO kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi loa ma ka mōʻaukala noʻeau, ʻo Michelangelo's David kona kumu i loko o kahi papahana nui e hoʻonani i nā kumu o ka hale pule nui o Florence, ʻo ka Duomo, me kahi hui o nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia mai ke Kauoha Kahiko. ʻO kaDavidhe hoʻokahi, a ua hoʻomaka maoli ʻia i ka makahiki 1464 e Agostino di Duccio. I loko o nā makahiki ʻelua e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻokele ʻo Agostino i kahi ʻāpana o ka poloka nui o ke kinikini i kālai ʻia mai ka quarry kaulana ma Carrara ma mua o ke kū ʻana i ka makahiki 1466. (ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ke kumu.) ʻO kekahi mea pena kiʻi i ʻohi i ka lohi, akā ʻo ia wale nō. hana pōkole. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kinikini no nā makahiki he 25 e hiki mai ana, a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Michelangelo i ke kālai ʻana iā ia i ka makahiki 1501. He 26 ʻo ia i kēlā manawa. I ka pau ʻana, ua kaupaona ʻo David i ʻeono tona, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke hāpai ʻia i luna o ka hale pule. Akā, ua hōʻike ʻia ma waho a hiki i ka puka o ka Palazzo Vecchio, ke kaona o Florence. ʻO ke kiʻi, kekahi o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe o ke ʻano High Renaissance, ua apo koke ʻia e ka lehulehu Florentine ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ke kūʻē ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale-mokuʻāina i nā mana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kūʻē iā ia. I ka makahiki 1873, uaDavidua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Accademia Gallery, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kope ma kona wahi kumu.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke ʻano Baroque kiʻekiʻe o Roma, ua hana ʻo Gian Lorenzo Bernini i kēia mea hana nui no kahi hale pule ma ka Ekalesia o Santa Maria della Vittoria. Ua pili pili loa ka Baroque i ka Counter-Reformation kahi i ho'āʻo ai ka Ekalesia Katolika e kāohi i ke au o ka Protestantism e piʻi ana ma waena o ʻEulopa i ka makahiki 17. ʻO nā hana noʻeau e like me kā Bernini kekahi ʻāpana o ka papahana e hōʻoia hou i ka ʻōlelo Papal, i lawelawe maikaʻi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e ke akamai o Bernini no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻomana me nā moʻolelo koʻikoʻi.EcstasyʻO kāna kumuhana—Saint Teresa o ʻAvila, he kahunapule Karemela Sepania a me ka mystic nāna i kākau e pili ana i kona hālāwai ʻana me kahi ʻānela—ua hōʻike ʻia e like me ka ʻānela e hoʻokomo i kahi pua i loko o kona puʻuwai.EcstasyʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano o ka erotic overtones, ʻo ka mea maopopo loa i ka hōʻike orgasmic o ka nun a me ka lole wiliwili e uhi ana i nā kiʻi ʻelua. He mea pena kiʻi e like me nā mea a pau, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Bernini i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka Chapel i ke kinikini, stucco a me ka pena.

Paʻi kiʻi: Na ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Metropolitan of Art/Fletcher Fund

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Antonio Canova (1757–1822) ka mea pena kiʻi kiʻi nui loa o ke kenekulia 18. Ua hōʻike ʻia kāna hana i ke ʻano Neo-Classical, e like me kāu e ʻike ai ma kāna mele ma ke kinikini o ke kanaka Greek mythical hero Perseus. Ua hana maoli ʻo Canova i ʻelua mana o ka ʻāpana: Noho kekahi ma ka Vatican ma Roma, a ʻo kekahi e kū nei ma ka Metropolitan Museum of Art's European Sculpture Court.

Kiʻi: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

ʻOiai ʻo ka haku Impressionist Edgar Degas ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea pena, ua hana pū ʻo ia i ke kiʻi kiʻi, e hana ana i ka mea i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoikaika nui loa o kāna oeuvre. Hana ʻia ʻo DegasKa Hula Makahiki He umikumamahamai loko mai o ka wax (mai loko mai o ia mau kope keleawe ma hope o kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1917), akā ʻo ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o Degas i kāna kumuhana eponymous i kahi lole ballet maoli (piha me ka bodice, tutu a me nā kāmaʻa) a me ka wig o ka lauoho maoli i hoʻoulu ai i ka manaʻo.Hulahoʻomaka ʻia ma ka Sixth Impressionist Exhibition o 1881 ma Paris. Ua koho ʻo Degas e uhi i ka hapa nui o kāna mau mea hoʻonani i ka wax e hoʻohālikelike i ke koena o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kaikamahine, akā mālama ʻo ia i ka tutu, a me kahi lipine e hoʻopaʻa ana i kona lauoho, e like me lākou, e hana ana i ke kiʻi i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona mua o ka mea i loaʻa. noʻeau.Hulaʻo ia wale nō ke kiʻi kiʻi a Degas i hōʻike ai i kona wā e ola ana; ma hope o kona make ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia he 156 mau hiʻohiʻona hou i loko o kāna keena.

Kiʻi: ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Noʻeau o Philadelphia

ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e hui pū me ka mea kālai Farani nui ʻo Auguste RodinKa Manao, ʻo kēia hui e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kahi hanana i ka wā o ke Kaua Haneri Makahiki (1337–1453) ma waena o Beretania a me Palani he mea koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ke kiʻi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia no kahi paka ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Calais (kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia ai e ka poʻe Pelekania i ka makahiki 1346 i ka wā i hāʻawi ai nā lunakahiko ʻeono iā lākou iho no ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna kanaka),Ka BurghersʻAʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha i loko o kahi pyramid ma luna o kahi paepae kiʻekiʻe, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Rodin i kāna mau kumuhana like ʻole ma ka honua, e like me ka mea nānā. ʻO kēia neʻe koʻikoʻi i ka realism ua haki me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa heroic maʻamau i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā mau hana waho. MeKa Burghers, Ua lawe ʻo Rodin i kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu mua i ke kiʻi kiʻi hou.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Flickr/Wally Gobetz

I ka makahiki 1912, ua hana ʻo Picasso i kahi pahu pahu pahu o kahi ʻāpana e loaʻa ai ka hopena i waho i ka hana kiʻi 20th-century. I loko nō hoʻi o ka hōʻiliʻili a MoMA, ua hōʻike ʻia he kikā, kahi kumuhana i ʻimi pinepine ʻia e Picasso ma ka pena a me ka collage, a ma nā ʻano he nui,Kikaua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻenehana ʻoki a hoʻopili ʻia mai nā ana ʻelua a i ʻekolu. Pēlā nō ia no ka Cubism, me ka hui pū ʻana i nā ʻano pālahalaha e hana i kahi ʻano multifaceted me ka hohonu a me ka leo. ʻO ka hana hou a Picasso, ʻo ia ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kālai maʻamau a me ka hoʻohālike ʻana o ke kiʻi kiʻi mai loko mai o ka nui paʻa. aka,Kikaua hoʻopaʻa ʻia me he hale lā. E haʻi hou kēia manaʻo mai ka Russian Constructivism a hiki i Minimalism a ma waho. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kaKikai ka pepa pahu, ua hana ʻo Picasso i kēia mana i loko o ka pahu snipped

Kiʻi: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana a hiki i kona ʻano fascist hope loa, ua hoʻokūhoihoi ka Italian Futurism i ka honua, akā ʻaʻohe hana i hōʻike i ka delirium o ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o kēia kiʻi kiʻi e kekahi o kāna mau kukui alakaʻi: Umberto Boccioni. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi, huli ʻo Boccioni i ka hana ma ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ma hope o ka huakaʻi 1913 i Paris kahi i mākaʻikaʻi ai i nā studio o kekahi mau mea kālai avant-garde o ia wā, e like me Constantin Brancusi, Raymond Duchamp-Villon a me Alexander Archipenko. Hoʻohui ʻo Boccioni i ko lākou mau manaʻo i loko o kēia haku hana hoʻoikaika, e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻi holomua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi "synthetic continuity" o ka neʻe e like me kā Boccioni i wehewehe ai. Ua hana mua ʻia ka ʻāpana i ka plaster a ʻaʻole i hoʻolei ʻia i kāna ʻano keleawe maʻamau a hiki i ka makahiki 1931, ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea pena i ka makahiki 1916 ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka pūʻali koa Italia i ke Kaua Honua I.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

Hānau ʻia ma Romania, ʻo Brancusi kekahi o nā mea kālai kiʻi koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20th modernism - a ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ke kiʻi. ʻO kahi ʻano proto-minimalist, ua lawe ʻo Brancusi i nā ʻano mai ke ʻano maoli a hoʻopololei iā lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona abstract. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia kona ʻano e ka hana akamai o kona ʻāina hānau, kahi i hōʻike pinepine ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona geometric vibrant a me nā motif stylized. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka mea a me ke kumu, mālama iā lākou, i kekahi mau hihia, he mau mea hoʻololi - kahi ala e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻomaha koʻikoʻi me nā kuʻuna kiʻi. He kiʻi kēia ʻāpana kiʻi o kāna kumu hoʻohālike a me kāna mea aloha, ʻo Margit Pogány, he haumāna noʻeau Hungarian āna i hālāwai ai ma Paris i ka makahiki 1910. Ua kālai ʻia ka hana mua i ke kinikini, a ukali ʻia e kahi kope plaster kahi i hana ʻia ai kēia keleawe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka plaster ponoʻī ma New York ma ka hōʻike ʻo Armory Show o 1913, kahi i hoʻomāʻewaʻewa a hoʻohenehene ai ka poʻe hoʻohewa. Akā ʻo ia nō ka ʻāpana i hoʻopuka hou ʻia ma ka hōʻike. Ua hana ʻo Brancusi ma nā ʻano like ʻole oMlle Poganyno kekahi 20 makahiki.

Kiʻi: Na ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Modern Art

Huila Paʻakalaua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea mua o nā mea hana kipi a Duchamp. Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻopau ai ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana i loko o kāna keena ʻo Paris, ʻaʻohe ona manaʻo i ka mea e kapa ai. "Ua hauʻoli koʻu manaʻo e hoʻopaʻa i ka huila kaʻa i kahi noho kīhini a nānā i ka huli ʻana," wahi a Duchamp. Ua hele i 1915 huakaʻi i New York, a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka huahana nui o ke kūlanakauhale o nā waiwai i kūkulu ʻia e ka hale hana, no Duchamp e hoʻopuka mai me ka mākaukau mākaukau. ʻO ka mea nui aʻe, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka hana ma ke ʻano kuʻuna, hana lima i mea ʻole i ka makahiki ʻOihana. No ke aha e pilikia ai, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, inā hiki i nā mea hana nui ke hana i ka hana. No Duchamp, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manaʻo ma hope o ka hana kiʻi ma mua o ka hana ʻana. ʻO kēia manaʻo—ʻo ia paha ka laʻana mua maoli o ka Conceptual Art—e hoʻololi loa i ka mōʻaukala noʻeau i mua. E like me ka mea hale maʻamau, akā naʻe, ʻo ke kumuHuila PaʻakalaʻAʻole i ola: He kope maoli kēia mana mai ka makahiki 1951.

Kiʻi: Whitney Museum of American Art, © 2019 Calder Foundation, New York/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

He mea paʻa aloha o ka hōʻiliʻili mau o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Whitney.Kaapuni o Calderhoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ʻano pāʻani a Alexander Calder (1898–1976) i lawe mai ma ke ʻano he mea pena i kōkua i ke kālai ʻana i ka 20th-sculpture.Kaapuni, i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka mea pena kiʻi ma Palika, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma mua o kāna mau "mobiles" e kau ana, akā ma kona ʻano ponoʻī, ua like ia me ke kinetic: Hana ʻia me ka uea a me ka lāʻau.KaapuniUa lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kikowaena no nā hana improvisational, kahi i neʻe ai ʻo Calder a puni nā kiʻi like ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka poʻe contortionists, nā mea ʻai pahi, nā liona tamers, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ke akua.

Kiʻi: Na ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo J. Paul Getty

Ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi pena a me ka mea kālai kiʻi, ʻo ka mea pena Farani ʻo Aristide Maillol (1861–1944) hiki ke wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he Neo-Classicist hou i kau i kahi streamline, 20th-century spin ma luna o nā statuary Greco-Roman. Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia 'o ia ma ke 'ano he radical conservative, akā na'e, e ho'omana'o 'ia, 'o ka po'e kahiko o ka wā e like me Picasso i hana i nā hana ma ka ho'ololi 'ana i ke kaila Neo-Classical ma hope o ke Kaua Honua I. 'O ke kumuhana o Maillol ka wahine olohelohe, a maL'Air, ua hana ʻo ia i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui o kāna kumuhana, a me ke ʻano o kona ʻike ʻia ʻana e lana ana i ka lewa—ke kaupaona ʻana, me he mea lā, ʻo ke kino obdurate me ke alo evanescent.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Flickr/C-Monster

He mea pena Kepanī e hana ana ma nā ʻano mea like ʻole, ua hele mai ʻo Kusama i New York i ka makahiki 1957 e hoʻi ana i Iapana i 1972. I ka manawa pōkole, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he kiʻi nui o ke kaona o ke kaona, kahi i hoʻopā i nā kumu he nui, me ka Pop Art, Minimalism. a me ka hana Art. Ma ke ʻano he wahine kiʻi kiʻi i ʻōlelo pinepine i ka moekolohe wahine, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mea mua o Feminist Art. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hana a Kusama e nā ʻano hallucinogenic a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻano, kahi proclivity i hoʻokumu ʻia i kekahi mau kūlana noʻonoʻo - hallucinations, OCD - ua ʻeha ʻo ia mai ka wā kamaliʻi. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano a pau o ke akamai a me ke ola o Kusuma i loko o kēia hana, kahi noho maʻalahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i uhi ʻia me ka hopohopo ʻole e ka maʻi ahulau o nā phallic protuberances i hana ʻia me ka lole humuhumu ʻia.

Paʻi kiʻi: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol/ Albright-Knox Art Gallery/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

ʻIke wale ʻia e kona inoa mua, ʻo Marisol Escobar (1930–2016) i hānau ʻia ma Paris i nā mākua Venezuelan. Ma ke ʻano he mea pena, ua hui pū ʻo ia me Pop Art a ma hope ʻo Op Art, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano stylist, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hui. Akā, ua hana ʻo ia i ka tableaux figurative i manaʻo ʻia he wahine hoʻomākeʻaka wahine o nā kuleana kāne, kaulana a me ka waiwai. InWahine a me ka Iliolawe ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o nā wahine, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana wahine i hoʻokau ʻia e ke kāne e hoʻoikaika iā lākou e kūlike.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Flickr/Rocor

ʻO ka Brillo Box paha ka mea kaulana loa o nā hana kiʻi kiʻi ʻia i hana ʻia e Warhol i ka waena o '60s, i lawe pono i kāna noiʻi ʻana i ka moʻomeheu pop i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana. ʻOiaʻiʻo i ka inoa ʻo Warhol i hāʻawi ai i kāna keena—ka Factory—ua hoʻolimalima ka mea pena i nā kamanā e hana i kahi ʻano laina hui, ke kui pū ʻana i nā pahu lāʻau i ke ʻano o nā pahu pahu no nā huahana like ʻole, e like me Heinz Ketchup, Kellogg's Corn Flakes a me Campbell's Soup. maikaʻi nā pad kopa Brillo. A laila pena ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia pahu i kahi waihoʻoluʻu e like me ke kumu (keʻokeʻo i ka hihia o Brillo) ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka inoa huahana a me ka hōʻailona ma ka silkscreen. I hana ʻia ma ka lehulehu, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā pahu i loko o nā pūʻulu nui, e hoʻohuli pono ana i nā hale kiʻi āpau i loko o kahi facsimile moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe o kahi hale kūʻai. ʻO kā lākou ʻano a me kā lākou hana ʻana he ʻano paha ia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano Minimalist. Akā ʻo ke kumu maoli oPahu BrilloʻO ke ʻano o kona pili kokoke ʻana i ka mea maoli e hoʻohuli ai i nā kuʻina hana noʻeau, ma ka hōʻike ʻana ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa maoli ma waena o nā huahana i hana ʻia a me nā hana mai ke keʻena o ka mea pena.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Flickr/Esther Westerveld

Ua like ka inoa o Donald Judd me Minimal Art, ka neʻe ʻana i waena o nā makahiki 60 i hoʻopau i ke koʻikoʻi o ka modernism i mea e pono ai. No Judd, ʻo ke kiʻi kiʻi ka manaʻo o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike paʻa o ka hana ma ka lewa. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia manaʻo e ka huaʻōlelo, "mea kikoʻī," a ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe Minimalists ʻē aʻe i kākoʻo iā ia, ua hāʻawi ʻo Judd i ka manaʻo i kāna ʻōlelo maʻemaʻe ma o ka lawe ʻana i ka pahu ma ke ʻano he inoa inoa. E like me Warhol, ua hana ʻo ia iā lākou e like me nā ʻāpana hou, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea a me nā ʻano hana i hōʻaiʻē ʻia mai ka hana ʻoihana. ʻAʻole like me nā kīʻaha sopa a Warhol a me Marilyns, ʻaʻohe mea i kuhikuhi ʻia ka hana a Judd ma waho o ia iho. ʻO kāna mau "stacks," aia i waena o kāna mau ʻāpana kaulana loa. Aia kēlā me kēia me kahi pūʻulu o nā pahu pāpaʻu like ʻole i hana ʻia me ka metala galvanized, e kū ana mai ka paia e hana i ke kolamu o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Akā ʻo Judd, ka mea i hoʻomaka ma ke ʻano he mea pena, ua like kona hoihoi i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ke ʻano e like me kona ʻano, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma aneʻi e ka lacquer kino kino ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka alo o kēlā me kēia pahu. Hāʻawi ka hui ʻana o Judd i ke kala a me nā meaʻAʻole poʻo inoa (Stack)he nani hoʻokēʻai e hoʻonāwaliwali i kona absolutism abstract.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Flickr/Rocor

E like me Benglis, he wahine kiʻi ʻo Hesse nāna i kānana i ka Postminimalism ma o kahi prism wahine. He Iudaio i mahuka Nazi Kelemānia i kona wā kamaliʻi, ua ʻimi ʻo ia i nā ʻano kūlohelohe, e hana ana i nā ʻāpana i loko o ka fiberglass ʻoihana, ka latex a me ke kaula e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻili a i ʻole ka ʻiʻo, nā genital a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino. Ma muli o kona ʻano, he mea hoʻowalewale ia e ʻike i kahi undercurrent o ka trauma a i ʻole ka hopohopo i nā hana e like me kēia.

Kiʻi: Na ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Modern Art

Ma hope o Judd lāua ʻo Flavin, ua haʻalele kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea pena mai ka Minimalism aesthetic o nā laina maʻemaʻe. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kēia hanauna Postminimalist, ua kau ʻo Richard Serra i ka manaʻo o ka mea kikoʻī ma luna o nā steroids, hoʻonui nui i kona unahi a me ke kaumaha, a hoʻohui i nā kānāwai o ka gravity i ka manaʻo. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā hana kaulike o ke kila a i ʻole nā ​​papa alakaʻi a me nā paipu i kaupaona ʻia i loko o nā tona, i loaʻa ka hopena o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi manaʻo weliweli i ka hana. (Ma nā manawa ʻelua, ua make a ʻeha paha nā riggers e hoʻokomo ana i nā ʻāpana Serra i ka wā i hāʻule hewa ʻole ai ka hana.) I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lawe ka hana a Serra i kahi hoʻoponopono curvilinear i kaulana loa ia, akā i ka wā mua, hana e like me One Ton Prop (House. of Cards), e hōʻike ana i ʻehā mau papa alakaʻi i hilinaʻi pū ʻia, i haʻi aku i kāna mau hopohopo me ka pololei.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Ma hope o ke ʻano kuʻuna maʻamau i ka makahiki 1960 a me 1970, hoʻomaka nā mea pena kiʻi kūʻē i ka ʻoihana kalepa o ka honua hale kiʻi, e hoʻomohala ana i nā ʻano hana hou e like me ka hana honua. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻāina ʻāina, ʻo Robert Smithson ke poʻokela o kēia ʻano (1938–1973), a me nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Michael Heizer, Walter De Maria a me James Turrel, i komo i loko o ka wao nahele o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hana i nā hana nui. hana like me ko lakou puni. ʻO kēia ala kikoʻī pūnaewele, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia, hoʻohana pinepine i nā mea i lawe pololei ʻia mai ka ʻāina. Pela no ko SmithsonMokupuni Spiral, e lele ana i loko o ka loko paʻakai nui o Utah mai ka lae ʻo Rozel ma ke kahakai hikina ʻākau o ka loko. Hana ʻia me ka lepo, nā kristal paʻakai a me ka basalt i unuhi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele,Nā ana ʻana o Spiral Jetty1,500 me 15 kapuai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o ka loko no nā makahiki he mau makahiki a hiki i ka wā maloʻo i nā makahiki 2000 i lawe hou mai i ka ilikai. I ka makahiki 2017,Mokupuni Spiralua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hana noʻeau o Utah.

Kiʻi: ʻO CC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

ʻO ka hana pūlima a ka mea pena kiʻi hānau Farani,Spiderua hana ʻia i ka waena o 1990s i ka wā ʻo Bourgeois (1911-2010) i kona mau kanawalu. Aia ia ma nā mana he nui o nā ʻano like ʻole, me kekahi mau mea nui.SpiderHe mea hoʻohiwahiwa i ka makuahine o ka mea pena, he mea hoʻihoʻi i ka tapestry (no laila ke ʻōlelo nei i ka makemake o ka arachnid no ka wili pūnaewele).

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ʻO Antony Gormley ka mea lanakila o ka makana Turner Prize i ka makahiki 1994, ʻo Antony Gormley kekahi o nā mea kālai kiʻi kaulana loa ma UK, akā ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa no kāna kiʻi kūʻokoʻa i nā kiʻi kiʻi, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā ʻano like ʻole o ka unahi a me ke ʻano. no ka hapa nui, ma ka la'ana like: He kiola o ke kino ponoi o ka mea pena. ʻOiaʻiʻo nō kēia monument ʻēheu nui ma kahi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Gateshead ma ka ʻākau hikina o ʻEnelani. Aia ma ke alanui nui,ʻAnelae lele ana a hiki i 66 kapuai ke kiekie a me 177 kapuai ka laula mai ka piko eheu a i ka piko eheu. Wahi a ka Gormley, ʻo ia ka hana ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hōʻailona ma waena o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana o Beretania i hala (aia ke kiʻi kiʻi ma ka ʻāina lanahu o ʻEnelani, ka puʻuwai o ka Industrial Revolution) a me kona wā e hiki mai ana.

Mahalo iā CC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Ua kapa ʻia ʻo "The Bean" e Chicagoans no kona ʻano ellipsoidal piko,Ipuka Kapua, ʻO Anish Kapoor ke kikowaena kiʻi kiʻi ākea no ka Second City's Millennium Park, he hana kiʻi a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ala Instagram-mākaukau no nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa Sabati a me nā malihini ʻē aʻe i ka paka. Hana ʻia mai ke kila aniani,Ipuka Kapua'O ka ho'omana'o 'ana i ka hale le'ale'a a me ka laulā nui e lilo ia i mea kaulana loa a Kapoor.

Mahalo i ka mea pena a me Greene Naftali, New York

Hoʻohui ʻia ka hana a Rachel Harrison i kahi formalism piha me ka mākaukau no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea like ʻole me nā manaʻo he nui, me nā mea politika. Nīnau ikaika ʻo ia i ka monumentality a me ke kuleana kāne e hele pū me ia. Hoʻokumu ʻo Harrison i ka nui o kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā poloka a i ʻole nā ​​papa o Styrofoam, ma mua o ka uhi ʻana iā lākou i ka hui ʻana o ka sima a me nā mea pena pena. ʻO ka cherry ma luna kekahi ʻano mea i loaʻa, ʻo ia wale nō a i hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana nui kēia mannequin ma luna o kahi ʻano elongated, pena-splashed. Me ka ʻahuʻula, a me ka maka i hope i mua o ʻAberahama Lincoln, ua hoʻouna ka hana i ka manaʻo kanaka nui o ka mōʻaukala me kona hoʻāla ʻana i ka naʻi aupuni o ka Honua Kahiko e kū kiʻekiʻe ana ma luna o ka pōhaku ʻulaʻula..