ʻO ka pono o ka wai maʻemaʻe i ka 19th-century Britain i alakaʻi i kahi ʻano hou a nani o nā lako alanui.Ke nānā nei ʻo Kathryn Ferry i ka punawai inu. Noho mākou i ke au o ka locomotive, ka telegarapa uila, a me ka paʻi mahu…' wahi a kaNupepa Noii ʻApelila 1860, akā 'aʻole naʻe mākou i holomua ma mua o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e alakaʻi ai iā mākou e hoʻolako i nā lako wai maʻemaʻe…Ua koi ʻia nā limahana Victoria e hoʻolilo i ke kālā no ka pia a me ka gin, no ka mea, no nā pono āpau o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana, ua mau ka wai a me ka haumia nui.Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe hoʻolaha Temperance ʻo ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka waiʻona ke kumu o nā pilikia pilikanaka, me ka ʻilihune, ka hewa a me ka ʻilihune.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kaNupepa NoiUa hōʻike ʻo ka poʻe e hele ana ma Lākana a me nā wahi e pili ana, 'aʻole hiki ke pale aku i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pūnāwai he nui e piʻi aʻe ana ma nā wahi a pau, kokoke e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ma ke kilokilo, e ola ana'.Ua kūkulu ʻia kēia mau ʻatikala hou o nā lako alanui e ka manaʻo maikaʻi o nā mea hāʻawi pākahi he nui, ka poʻe i ʻimi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono lehulehu ma o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka punawai, a me kāna hana.Nui nā ʻano, nā hōʻailona hoʻonaninani, nā papahana kiʻi kiʻi a me nā mea hana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kēia pahuhopu, e waiho ana i kahi hoʻoilina ʻokoʻa.ʻO nā punawai philanthropic mua loa he mau hale maʻalahi.ʻO Charles Pierre Melly ka mea kālepa Unitarian i paionia i ka manaʻo ma kona kūlanakauhale home ʻo Liverpool, ma hope o kona ʻike ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi o ka wai inu maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe i ka kipa ʻana i Geneva, Switzerland, i ka makahiki 1852. ʻulaʻula Aberdeen granite no kona kūpaʻa ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kahe mau o ka wai e pale aku ai i ka haki ʻana a i ʻole ka hana ʻino ʻana o nā paipu. (Fig 1).I loko o nā makahiki ʻehā e hiki mai ana, ua kākoʻo kālā ʻo Melly i 30 mau pūnāwai hou, e alakaʻi ana i kahi neʻe e laha wikiwiki ana i nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe, me Leeds, Hull, Preston a me Derby.Ua hala hope ʻo Lākana.ʻOiai ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana o Dr John Snow i ʻike i ka maʻi cholera ma Soho i ka wai mai ka Broad Street pump a me nā kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hilahila i hoʻohuli ai i ka Thames i muliwai o ka pelapela, e hana ana i ka The Great Stink o 1858, ʻeiwa mau hui wai pilikino ʻeiwa o Lākana.ʻO Samuel Gurney MP, ke keiki a ka mea hoʻolaha kaiaulu ʻo Elizabeth Fry, i hāpai i ke kumu, me ka loio ʻo Edward Wakefield.Ma ʻApelila 12, 1859, ua hoʻokumu lākou i ka Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association a, ʻelua pule ma hope mai, ua wehe lākou i ko lākou punawai mua ma ka pā o ka hale pule o St Sepulchre, ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Lākana.Holo ka wai mai kahi pūpū keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i loko o kahi kīʻaha i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi pā pōhaku liʻiliʻi.Ke ola nei kēia hale i kēia lā, ʻaʻole naʻe me ka ʻole o kona ʻano o waho o nā arches Romanesque.Ua hoʻohana koke ʻia e nā poʻe ʻoi aku ma mua o 7,000 i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ia mau pūnāwai i haikea i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hiʻohiʻona nui a lākou i hana ai.Eia naʻe, e like meKa Nuhou Halei ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1866: 'He ʻano hoʻopiʻi kūʻē i ka poʻe hoʻolaha i kēia neʻe ʻana ua kūkulu lākou i nā pūnāwai weliweli loa i hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia, a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi kekahi o nā mea hoʻokalakupua i hōʻike ʻia he nani liʻiliʻi e like me nā kumu kumu kūʻai. 'He pilikia kēia inā lākou e hoʻokūkū me ka meaNupepa NoiUa kapa ʻia ʻo "nā mea hoʻonani nani a ʻālohilohi" kahi 'o nā hale hoʻomāinoino loa o ka lehulehu.ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo noʻeau e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo wai a kuʻi i ka manaʻo kūpono o ka hoʻopono pono i hoʻoholo ʻia.Ka Nuhou HaleUa kanalua paha kekahi e makemake hou aku i na lilia hou, na liona luai, na leho uwe, ua hahau o Mose i ka pohaku, na poo maikai ole, a me na ipu ino.He mea lapuwale a he oiaio ole keia mau hana hoopunipuni, a he pono ke hoonawaliwali.'Ua hana ko Gurney aloha i puke kumu, akā makemake pinepine ka poʻe hāʻawi e koho i kā lākou mea kākau.ʻO ka behemoth o nā pūnāwai inu, i kūkulu ʻia ma Hackney's Victoria Park e Angela Burdett-Coutts, ua kūʻai ʻia ma kahi o £6,000, he kālā i hiki ke uku ʻia ma kahi o 200 mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau.ʻO ka mea kākau punahele a Burdett-Coutts, ʻo Henry Darbishire, i hana i kahi ʻāina e piʻi aʻe ma mua o 58ft. Ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe mōʻaukala e hoʻopaʻa inoa i ka hale, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1862, ma ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i kāna mau ʻāpana stylistic e like me Venetian/Moorish/Gothic/Renaissance, akā ʻaʻohe mea e wehewehe i kona eclecticism. ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka epithet 'Victorian'.ʻOiai he mea kupanaha no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kamaʻāina o ka Hikina Hikina, he mea hoʻomanaʻo ia no ka makemake o kāna mea kākoʻo.ʻO kekahi pūnāwai ʻē aʻe ʻo Lākana ʻo ia ka Buxton Memorial (Fig 8), i kēia manawa ma Victoria Tower Gardens.Ua kauoha ʻia e Charles Buxton MP e hoʻolauleʻa i ka ʻāpana o kona makuakāne i ka 1833 Slavery Abolition Act. ʻO Constructive Iron Co, nona ka ʻenehana hou i hoʻohana i nā pā hao me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokiʻekiʻe e hāʻawi i ke aka a me ka enamel kūpaʻa ʻakika e hāʻawi i ka waihoʻoluʻu.Ka Grammar of Ornamentwili ʻia a puni ka spire.Noho nā kīʻaha granite ʻehā o ka pūnāwai ponoʻī i loko o kahi hale pule liʻiliʻi o kahi ākea, ma lalo o kahi kia waena mānoanoa e loaʻa ai nā pūnāwai maʻalahi o kahi apo o waho o nā kumu ʻewalu o nā kolamu hui.ʻO ka pae waena o ka hale, ma waena o ka arcade a me ka steeple, ua hoʻonui ʻia me ka hoʻonaninani mosaic a me nā kālai pōhaku Gothic mai ka hale hana o Thomas Earp.Ua kaulana nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka Gothic, no ka mea, he ʻano nani ke ʻano a pili pū me ka lokomaikaʻi Kalikiano.Ke manaʻo nei i ke kuleana o kahi hui hui hou, ua like kekahi mau pūnāwai i nā keʻa mākeke o ka wā kahiko me nā spires pinnacled a crocketed, e like me Nailsworth ma Gloucestershire (1862), Great Torrington ma Devon (1870) (Fig 7) a me Henley-on-Thames ma Oxfordshire (1885).Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua lawe ʻia kahi Gothic muscular ʻoi aku ka nui, ʻike ʻia i nā ʻoniʻoni makavoussoirso ka punawai o William Dyce no Streatham Green ma Ladana (1862) a me ka punawai o Alderman Proctor ma Clifton Down ma Bristol na George a me Henry Godwin (1872).Ma Shrigley ma Co Down, ka punawai hoʻomanaʻo 1871 Martin (Fig 5) ua hoʻolālā ʻia e ka mea hoʻolālā ʻōpio ʻo Belfast ʻo Timothy Hevey, nāna i hana i kahi hoʻololi akamai mai ka octagonal arcade a i ka hale kiaʻi uaki square me nā pā lele lele.E like me ka nui o nā pūnāwai manaʻo nui i loko o kēia ʻōlelo, ua hoʻokomo ka hale i kahi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi paʻakikī, i kēia manawa i hōʻino ʻia, e hōʻike ana i nā pono Karistiano.ʻO ka punawai Gothic hexagonal ma Bolton Abbey (Fig 4), i hoʻāla ʻia ma ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā Lord Frederick Cavendish i ka makahiki 1886, ʻo ia ka hana a Manchester architects T. Worthington lāua ʻo JG Elgood.Wahi a kaLeeds Mercury, He wahi koʻikoʻi ia ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻaʻole wale ia i hoʻokahi o nā mea nani loa i ka lei aliʻi o Yorkshire, akā aloha ʻia i nā mea a pau ma muli o kona hui pū ʻana me ka mokuʻāina nona ka inoa i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomanaʻo. He kumu maʻalahi ia no nā hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo lehulehu, ʻoiai he mea maʻamau no nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā monumen hoʻolewa.ʻO nā ʻano Revivalist, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Classical, Tudor, Italianate a me Norman, no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pūnāwai o Philip Webb ma Shoreditch ma East London me ka pūnāwai o James Forsyth ma Dudley ma West Midlands.He mea maʻamau ka mea mua no ka hoʻolālā ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana nui o kahi papahana hale nui;ʻo ka hope paha ka laʻana nui loa ma waho o Lākana.ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o Webb i ka makahiki 1861–63 he ʻāpana ia o nā hale o nā mea hana lima ma ke alanui Worship, kahi papahana i makemake nui ʻia i kāna mau loina socialist.E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai kahi paionia o ka Arts-and-Crafts Movement, ʻo ka punawai o Webb he ʻano paʻi ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia a puni kahi kapikala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma luna o kahi kolamu polygonal.ʻAʻohe mea kāhiko pono ʻole.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka pūnāwai 27ft-kiʻekiʻe i kauoha ʻia e ka Earl o Dudley i ka makahiki 1867 i hoʻonani ʻia i kahi degere kokoke loa, i hoʻokumu ʻia a puni ka puka ʻana.Ua hoʻohui ka mea kālai kiʻi ʻo James Forsyth i nā hiʻohiʻona semi-circular ma kēlā ʻaoʻao me kēia ʻaoʻao me nā iʻa me ka huhū e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ka wai i loko o nā pā bipi.Ma luna aʻe o kēia, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana mua o nā lio ʻelua i waho o ka hale mai kahi hale pyramidal i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi hui hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i ka ʻOihana.Aia i loko o ke kiʻi nā kiʻi hua a me nā kiʻi pōhaku kiʻi o ke akua muliwai a me ka wai nymph.Hōʻike nā kiʻi mōʻaukala i kēia pomposity Baroque i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā kukui maʻamau ʻehā, ʻaʻole i kūkulu wale i ka pūnāwai, akā hoʻomālamalama ʻia no ka inu ʻana i ka pō. punawai (Fig 6).Mai ka makahiki 1860 mai, ua hui pū ʻo Wills Brothers o Euston Road, Lākana me Coalbrookdale Iron Works ma Shropshire e hoʻokumu i kahi inoa no nā hoʻolele euanelio artistically.ʻO nā pūnāwai mural e ola ana ma Cardiff a me Merthyr Tydfil (Fig 2) e kuhikuhi ana o Iesu i ke kauoha 'O ka mea e inu i ka wai a'u e haawi aku ai ia ia, aole loa ia e makewai'.Ua hoʻolei pū ʻo Coalbrookedale i kāna mau hoʻolālā ponoʻī, e like me ka pūnāwai inu hui a me nā pā pipi i kūkulu ʻia ma Somerton ma Somerset, e hōʻailona ai i ka poni ʻia ʻana o Edward VII i ka makahiki 1902.Fig 3) i na wahi kaawale loa e like me Aberdeenshire a me ka Mokupuni o Wight.ʻO ka hoʻolālā patent, i loaʻa i nā ʻano nui like ʻole, he kīʻaha waena ma lalo o kahi puʻupuʻu hao ʻāwīwī me nā pio cusped e kau ana ma luna o nā kolamu hao lohi.ʻO kaNupepa NoiUa manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hopena holoʻokoʻa he 'Alhambresque' a no laila kūpono i kāna hana, ʻo ke ʻano he 'pili mau i ka noʻonoʻo me ka hikina sultry maloʻo, kahi e makemake nui ʻia ai ka wai kahe ma mua o ka waina ruby'.ʻO nā mea hao ʻē aʻe i loaʻa mai.I ka makahiki 1877, ua hoʻolako ʻo Andrew Handyside lāua ʻo Co of Derby i kahi pūnāwai e pili ana i ka Choragic Monument of Lysicrates ma Athens i ka hale pule ʻo Lākana o St Pancras.Ua loaʻa i ka Strand kahi pūnāwai like like, i hoʻolālā ʻia e Wills Bros a hāʻawi ʻia e Robert Hanbury, kahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Wimbledon i ka makahiki 1904.